When water flows at high speeds over irregular surfaces or through valves, local pressure can drop below the vapor pressure. This forms bubbles that collapse with enough force to pit and destroy solid concrete and steel.
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If you are studying for the PE or FE exam, search for "NCEES FE Civil Practice Problems PDF" or "Hydraulics practice problems." These often have concise, exam-style dam problems. fluid mechanics dams problems and solutions pdf
: Determining the magnitude and location (Center of Pressure) of water pressure acting on the dam face. When water flows at high speeds over irregular