While often simplified as an ethnic clash, researchers point to several complex factors: Economic Tension:
, though some independent observers believe the number exceeded Displacement: Approximately 100,000 Madurese video perang sampit dayak vs madura no sensor exclusive
and economic competition [1, 5]. For decades, the government encouraged migration from densely populated islands like Madura to Kalimantan [5]. Over time, cultural frictions, disputes over land, and perceived economic imbalances created a tinderbox of resentment [1]. While often simplified as an ethnic clash, researchers