The bridge between these two schools of thought is . Modern science has proven that many animals—not just mammals, but birds, cephalopods (like octopuses), and even some insects—possess the capacity to feel pain, joy, and boredom.

The most widely accepted framework is the , developed by the UK’s Farm Animal Welfare Council in 1965:

The modern movements emerged from Victorian England, but they split early.

experienced by animals. It accepts that humans use animals for food, research, and companionship, but maintains that we have an ethical responsibility to ensure they do not suffer unnecessarily. This approach is often measured by the "Five Freedoms"

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