These are "meta-letters" attached to roots. Like digital tags, they don't appear in the final word but tell the grammarian exactly which rules to apply to that specific root.
In Sanskrit, almost every word can be traced back to a root. The Dhatupatha is an appendix to Panini’s Ashtadhyayi , the foundational text of Sanskrit grammar. It lists approximately , categorizing them to show how they function in the language. dhatupatha pdf
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