provides open-access original research on topics ranging from feline cortisol levels fish welfare indicators

In the past, veterinary medicine focused primarily on the biological (physical) aspect of animals. Modern veterinary science uses a "biopsychosocial" approach, recognizing that three factors influence health:

Veterinary behavioral medicine is a recognized specialty that uses learning procedures and, when necessary, pharmacologic therapy to treat psychological problems.

: A detailed account of what was observed during the assessment and the specific diagnostic or evaluative steps taken.