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Veterinary science also focuses on "environmental enrichment." For captive animals—whether in a home, a zoo, or a farm—the environment must meet behavioral needs to prevent stress-related illnesses.

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For decades, the practice of veterinary medicine was largely reactive. An animal presented with a fever, a lump, or a limp; the veterinarian ran diagnostics, prescribed a pharmaceutical, and moved to the next patient. The internal landscape of the animal—its fears, its social drivers, and its cognitive biases—was often considered secondary to the raw biology of the disease. Veterinary science also focuses on "environmental enrichment